Rose English Fantasy

＊　First of all, the Argument is based on a false analogy. / The arguer simply assumes that… but he does not provide any evidence that … are indeed comparable. / As we know, … differ conspicuously. For instance, …/ Therefore, even though…proved effective in doing… there is no guarantee that it will work just as well for…/Without accounting for such differences any analogy between… is premature, and any conclusion based on that analogy is unjustified. (兩者無法比—是否有可比性)

＊　Even assuming that … , the author fails to consider possible differences between A and B that might help to bring about a different result for A. /For instance,…/For that matter, perhaps…/Without accounting for this and other possible dissimilarities, the author can not assume that what resulted in B would bring about the same result in A.(兩地異同)

＊　Assuming that …, the author relies on the additional assumption that … is responsible for …/However, it is entirely possible that one or more other factors were instead responsible for…/Perhaps…/Or perhaps…/Without ruling out such alternative explanations for…, the author can not justifiably conclude that … is responsible for …

＊　The author unfairly assumes that A bears some relation to B. / However, the author provides no evidence to support that this is the case, nor does the author establish a causal relationship between A and B. / It is highly possible that other factors might contribute to the B(change/progress). / For example, … It is also likely B just resulted from … / Lacking evidence that links A to B, it is presumptuous to suggest that A was responsible for B.

＊　The arguer assumes that just because B follows A, B has been caused by A. / However, no evidence is provided to support that this is the case. / The mere fact that A occurs before B does not necessarily establish a causal relationship between A and B. / It is highly possible that other factors might also bring about these same results. / For instance,… In addition,… / Without ruling out these and other possible factors that give rise to B, the author cannot confidently conclude that…（無法建立必然的因果關係—有其他原因）

＊　The evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. / One example is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion. / Based on a specific example of… , it is logically unsounded to make suggestion for all… / In fact, in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all. / Unless it can be shown that … is representative of all…, the conclusion that… is completely unwarranted. （單個事例不能說明整體問題）

＊　In addition, the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. / Even if… , which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that… / It is highly possible that other factors may have contributed to B… / For instance,… / Besides, the arguer does not provide any solid information concerning… / Unless… , which is unknown from this Argument, there is no guarantee that… /Without ruling out these and other possible factors that give rise to B, the author cannot confidently conclude that…(結論得出過早，考慮不周到)

＊　The recommendation depends on the assumption that no alternative means of doing sth are available. /However, the arguer fails to offer any evidence to substantiate this crucial assumption. Perhaps by…, or by… /Without considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of doing sth, the author cannot confidently conclude that…

＊　The article fails to consider any other course of action that might help …attain the same effect./Perhaps by…, or by…/sb can just as quickly and effectively attract… and achieve its economic objectives./In short, without weighing the proposal against alternatives, the article’s claim that… is wholly unconvincing.　(方法的單一性,不一定是 “best”)

＊　The arguer assumes the characteristics of a group apply to every member of that group. / The conclusion that… is based on the assumption that … / However, there is no guarantee that this is the case, nor does the author provide any evidence to substantiate this assumption. It is very likely that… / Lacking such evidence the author cannot draw any firm conclusion. （整體規律不一定適用於個人）

＊　It is assumed without justification that background conditions have remained the same at different times / conditions. / The arguer unfairly infer from… in the past that… / However, he/she fails to offer any evidence to substantiate this inference. It is very likely that…, or that… / Any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the claim that…（從過去不能推知現在和將來）

＊　The arguer provides no assurances that the survey on which the Argument depends is statistically reliable. / Lacking information about the number of … surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to assess the validity of the results. /For example, if… were surveyed but only…responded, the conclusion that… would be highly suspected. / Another problem is the representativeness of the respondents. The author fails to assure that the survey’s respondents are representative of all…/ Lacking such evidence the author cannot draw any firm conclusion based on the survey.　(調查資料、結果不具有代表性)